農(nóng)村金融體系外文翻譯

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1、外文翻譯 The Main Problems and Countermeasures of China's Rural Financial System 中國的農(nóng)村金融體系中存在的問題 原文來源：ZHAO YI The Main Problems and Countermeasures of China's Rural Financial System The Chinese Economy, vol. 39, no. 2, March - April 2006, pp. 57 - 70. ?不明確的功能定位 在目前的農(nóng)村金融體系改革的基本問題在于，金融機(jī)構(gòu)的功能定位卻很不明確。楊亞

2、明，中國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行的總裁，他認(rèn)為目前在農(nóng)村金融體系中有三個的主要組成部分。有些 含糊不清的功能定位和這三個機(jī)構(gòu)重疊存在。農(nóng)業(yè)銀行主要的業(yè)務(wù)是支持農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng) 營，小城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)和貸款，以幫助貧窮的人。貸款顯示，農(nóng)業(yè)銀行的操作是沒有完全商業(yè) 化，也有一些金融性政策的款。這些農(nóng)村信用社和農(nóng)業(yè)銀行的服務(wù)目標(biāo)和服務(wù)類型有一 些重疊。在中國，農(nóng)村金融專家何廣文，郭曉麗也有類似的看法。為什么金融體系改革 是不是非常有效的，功能定位的曖昧是最主要的原因，下面進(jìn)一步對模糊的功能進(jìn)行討 論。 首先，關(guān)于農(nóng)村融資有一個模糊的定位功能，。中國應(yīng)該如何發(fā)展合作金融仍 然是一個爭論的話題。中國共產(chǎn)黨（CCP ）經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組

3、財務(wù)科辦公室研究員唐人間指 出：“這的確是一個頭痛的，很難用幾句話解釋。大多數(shù)高校的農(nóng)業(yè)專家認(rèn)為這是一個 問題，不能簡單地避免。“這肯定顯示了中國在發(fā)展農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的困境。許多學(xué)者 在理論界堅持認(rèn)為，應(yīng)充分開發(fā)農(nóng)村合作金融規(guī)范化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，因為它是一種重要的組 織和對農(nóng)村金融的運作形式。 第二，財政農(nóng)業(yè)政策性和商業(yè)性金融之間有一個不明確的業(yè)務(wù)范圍。 1994年，農(nóng)業(yè)中 國開發(fā)銀行的成立，強(qiáng)調(diào)分離的COM-商用金融，政策性金融。這個問題不能得到很快解 決，因為第一個商業(yè)性金融機(jī)構(gòu)仍然承擔(dān)一些政策性貸款。例如，中國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行仍承擔(dān) 政策性貸款和資本CON-結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)查貸款，以幫助在農(nóng)村城市化進(jìn)程。最終

4、2003年，由 “農(nóng)業(yè)，農(nóng)村，農(nóng)民”貸款余額達(dá)RMB928.8億元，占全部貸款的42%。其次，國家在 農(nóng)村信用合作操作工作還有一些農(nóng)村信用社的政策金融政策的限制。但他們的服務(wù)對象 限制在“農(nóng)業(yè)，農(nóng)村，和農(nóng)民。“農(nóng)村信用社仍視為一個重要的提供農(nóng)業(yè)政策支持貸款 的渠道。 第三，在最近幾年中，農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行存在遭到嚴(yán)重質(zhì)疑。有很多人激烈的爭論其未來 的生存。看來，如果食物的系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展循環(huán)變成市場，農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的業(yè)務(wù)銀行會越走越 窄。整個農(nóng)村金融體系不能僅依靠農(nóng)村信用社。農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行的金融政策功能應(yīng)交給中 國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行。另外，我們應(yīng)該把農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行并入農(nóng)業(yè)保險公司。 最后，目前還不清楚貸款是否確實幫助

5、脫離貧困。似乎很少小戶人家的人有金融需 求，特別是最貧困的。他們可能需要有一個存款和保險，但不貸款。貸款不幫助他們解 決他們的困難。貸款機(jī)制本質(zhì)上是一種商業(yè)。在本質(zhì)上不適合的貸款機(jī)制。應(yīng)找到其他 手段解決。 ? 預(yù)期發(fā)展農(nóng)村合作不協(xié)調(diào) 金融機(jī)構(gòu)和農(nóng)村合作經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展緩慢, 有證據(jù)表明，農(nóng)村合作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織在促進(jìn)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì) 金融發(fā)展發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。對于-外國的經(jīng)驗也表明，許多金融機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)營農(nóng)村地區(qū) 的合作社的形式。政府支持發(fā)展.農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行開發(fā)通過一些優(yōu)惠政策 coopera 的略去金 融機(jī)構(gòu)。這些合作金融機(jī)構(gòu)仍然發(fā)揮在農(nóng)村金融體系中的重要作用。信用社產(chǎn)生聯(lián)合一 致的發(fā)展的全面合作經(jīng)濟(jì)。如果沒有合

6、作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的發(fā)展但只有信用社，效果更佳無法 實現(xiàn)。今天，中國農(nóng)村金融體系面臨的一個難題，因為它缺乏合作.在農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)。事實 上，一直沒有實際的合作經(jīng)濟(jì),在中國。在 20 世紀(jì)50 年代初的農(nóng)業(yè)合作化運動.財產(chǎn)權(quán) 利和身份的自由本質(zhì)上是一項集體運動，因為當(dāng)時農(nóng)民已經(jīng)取消。經(jīng)過家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé) 任系統(tǒng)的建立和集體經(jīng)濟(jì)也逐漸消失，有沒有指導(dǎo)的合作經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。最多 目前，在中國一直沒有實際的合作經(jīng)濟(jì)。 ? 農(nóng)村金融體系受到巨大的干擾，從政府 農(nóng)村金融體系的發(fā)展，一直以來政府為基礎(chǔ)，因此它是很難的農(nóng)村金融體 系，以避免干擾 從政府。這方面的不足，大大限制的聲音發(fā)展的農(nóng)村金融體系。地方政府的干擾，如 農(nóng)村

7、合作基金和農(nóng)村信用社，導(dǎo)致混亂。在一些農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)從當(dāng)?shù)卣母蓴_方面已 經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)大的改善。如果問題沒有解決，發(fā)展的農(nóng)村金融體系將受到限制，阻礙。 ? 不完善的農(nóng)村金融體系 從廣義上講，金融體系涵蓋了非常大的區(qū)域，而不僅僅是融資機(jī)構(gòu)。然而，在 中國的農(nóng)村金融體系，有僅金融機(jī)構(gòu)。保險，擔(dān)保，證券機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)散，這應(yīng)該是符 合農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展， 根本不存在。國外的經(jīng)驗表明，發(fā)展農(nóng)村非融資金融機(jī)構(gòu)是至關(guān)重要的整個農(nóng)村的增長 金融體系和整個農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)。有許多不同的種在國外農(nóng)村金融體系的保險和擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)。這 些 機(jī)構(gòu)改善農(nóng)村金融系統(tǒng)的實現(xiàn)和發(fā)展溫度到一定程度。中國農(nóng)村金融體系的不足之處實 際上限制了

8、農(nóng)村金融體系的整體發(fā)展。 ? 農(nóng)村金融體系總資產(chǎn)減少 對農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的真正威脅源于這樣一個事實，總資產(chǎn)在農(nóng)村金融體系正在下降。 據(jù)統(tǒng)計，2001 年，在農(nóng)業(yè)銀行的貸款余額占 14％，在所有金融機(jī)構(gòu)本，14％的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè) 貸款只有 16％是借給農(nóng)業(yè)。在同一年，從貸款中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行占 10％的所有網(wǎng)絡(luò)連 接， nancial 的機(jī)構(gòu)，而其中，90％去了國有企業(yè)，農(nóng)場親杜奇采購，主要是國有糧食部 門。另外，在同一年，從農(nóng)村信用社的貸款占 10％的所有金融機(jī)構(gòu)，而這些，50％的鄉(xiāng) 鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)和 30％左右去農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)民。所有貸款的不到 6％在金融機(jī)構(gòu)的盈余去農(nóng)業(yè)和 farmers.7 ? 薄弱的農(nóng)村金融占

9、用大量的農(nóng)村金融資源 在目前的市場環(huán)境，發(fā)展農(nóng)村市售 CIAL 金融在中國是不好的。農(nóng)村金融供給的 基本公共事業(yè)如教育，醫(yī)療保健，清潔水，道路，電力，和 COM 電信是嚴(yán)重不足。這限 制了發(fā)展的 COM- 商用金融和使用大量的財政資源。因此，政府應(yīng)整合資金投入到農(nóng)村，從合同法單獨必 要 TARY 資金投入，創(chuàng)造更好的市場環(huán)境，并幫助農(nóng)村 COM 商用金融機(jī)構(gòu)突破瓶頸制約。 在農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的管理技能低財政金融和公共財政進(jìn)行比較，更加注重市場機(jī)制的作 用。資金發(fā)揮的功能，經(jīng)濟(jì)是密切相關(guān)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)的業(yè)務(wù)能力。許多因素制約著農(nóng)村金 融機(jī)構(gòu)的運作效率 蒸發(fā)散將在下面討論。 原文 ZHAO YI

10、The Main Problems and Countermeasures of China's Rural Financial System Existing Problems inChina's Rural Financial System Ambiguous Function Orientation The basic issue in the present reform of the rural financial system lies in the financial institutions' ambiguous orientation of functions. Yang

11、 Mingshen, president of the Agricultural Bank of China, believes that there are three main components in the present rural financial system. Some ambiguity and overlap exist in the function orientation for these three institutions. The main business of the Agricultural Bank is to support agricultura

12、l industrialization, the construction of small towns, and loans to help the impoverished. Loans to help the impoverished show that the operation of the Agricultural Bank is 60 THE CHINESE ECONOMY not fully commercialized and there are some financial policy loans. These are somewhatoverlapping in f

13、unction. There is also some overlapping in the service targets and service types of rural credit cooperatives and the Agricul- tural Bank. He Guangwen, a rural financial expert in China, has a similar view. The ambiguous orientation of function is the main reason why finan- cial reform is not very e

14、ffective.2 The ambiguity of the function is discussed further below. First, there is an ambiguous orientation of functions regarding rural coop- erative finance. How China should develop cooperative finance is still sub- ject to debate. Tang Renjian, a researcher in the Office of Finance andEconomy

15、 Leading Group of the ChineseCommunist Party (CCP), pointedout: “It is really a headache and hard to explain in a few words. Most schol- ars think this is a problem that cannot be simplyavoided.”3Thisrecognition shows China's dilemma in developing rural cooperatives. Many scholars in theoretical cir

16、cles insist that rural cooperative finance should be fully devel- oped andstandardized because it is an important kind of organization and form of operation for rural finance. Second, there is an ambiguous business scope between the finance of agricultural policy and commercial finance. In 1994, th

17、e Agricultural Development Bank of China was set up to stress the separation of commercial finance from policy finance. The problem cannot be solved quickly because first commercial financial institutions still undertake some of the policy loans. For example, the Agricultural Bank of China still u

18、ndertakes policy loans to help the impoverished and capital construction loans to help urbanization in the rural areas. By the end of 2003, the loan surplus relating to “agriculture, rural areas, and farmers” reached RMB928.8 billion, accounting for 42 percent of all loan sur- plus.4 Second, there

19、are still some policy restrictions in rural credit co operatives. The state does not treat rural credit cooperatives as policy finance but limits their service target within “agriculture, rural areas, and farmers.” Rural credit cooperatives are still regarded as an important channel for providing

20、agricultural policy support loans. Third, in recent years, the existence of the Agricultural Development Bank of China was seriously questioned. There are many heated arguments about its future existence. It seems that if the development of the system of food circulation turns to the market, the bu

21、siness of the Agricultural Development Bank would become narrower and narrower. The overall rural financial system cannot be depended upon only by rural credit cooperatives. The policy function of the Agricultural Development Bank should be handed over to the Agricultural Bank. Alternatively, we sh

22、ould turn the Agricultural Development Bank into an agricultural insurance company. Page 5 MARCH APRIL 2006 61 Finally, it is unclear if loans are indeed helping the impoverished. It seems that there is very little financial demand from small households and impoverished people, especially th

23、e most impoverished. They may have a need for deposits and insurance but not for loans. Loans are not helping them solve their difficulties. The lending mechanism is essentially a commercial one. Helping the impoverished is a highly social and beneficial matter that in essence does not suit the lend

24、ing mechanism. Other means should be found to solve the problem.5 Inconsistency Between the Rural Financial System and Rural Economic and Social Development We discuss several inconsistencies between the rural financial system and development. ? Rural finance is in a state of being restrained I

25、n modern society, finance is the core of the economy. Economy and finance are closely bound together. The economic development of any country cannot be achieved without financial support. In the early 1970s, Shaw (1988) and McKinnon (1988) put forward the theory of “financial repression and financ

26、ial deepening” by taking the developing nations as their research sample. They thought that the main reason leading to financial repression was the separation of the economy. The existence of the segregation of the economy determines the splitting and weakening of the financial system. The signs of

27、financial repression in the developing nations result from imperfect financial markets. Those who get loans are usually “special sectors and industry.” The small and medium traders and farmers who urgently need capital cannot be satisfied with such simple financial instruments. The financial repre

28、ssion in the rural financial system of China is quite obvious and is inconsistent with the target for the rural financial system and rural economic and social development. ? Inconsistency between the expected development of rural cooperative financial institutions and the slow development of rural

29、cooperative economic organizations Evidence shows that rural cooperative economic organization plays an irreplaceable role in facilitating rural economic financial development. Foreign experience has also shown that many financial institutions operating in rural areas are in the form of cooperativ

30、es. Government supports the development of the rural economy through some preferential policies to cooperative financial institutions. These cooperative financial institutions still play an important role in the rural financial system. Credit cooperatives are generally consistent with the develop

31、ment of overall cooperative economic orga- 62 THE CHINESE ECONOMY the nization. If there is no development of cooperative economic organization but only credit cooperatives, better results cannot be achieved. Today rural financial system of China faces a dilemma because it lacks a cooperative eco

32、nomy in the rural areas. In fact, there has been no actual cooperative economy in China. The agricultural cooperative movement in the early 1950s was in essence a collective movement, since property rights and identity freedom of farmers had been abolished at that time. After the household contract

33、responsibility system was set up and the collective economy also gradually vanished, there was no guidance for the development of a cooperative economy. Up to the present, there has been no actual cooperative economy in China. ? Rural financial system receives great interference from the governmen

34、t The development of the rural financial system has long been government based and thus it is hard for the rural financial system to avoid interference from the government. This deficiency greatly restricts the sound development of the rural financial system. The interference of local governments,

35、 such as rural cooperation funds and rural credit cooperatives, leads to chaos. Interference from the local government in rural financial institutions in some areas has been quite alarming.6 If the problem is not resolved, the development of the rural financial system will be restricted and hampere

36、d. Serious Lack of Rural Financial Resources A sound rural financial system must have enough resources allocated to meet the needs of overall rural economic and social development. The situation now is that the rural financial system is seriously lacking in financial resources. Rural economic and

37、 social development does not have sufficient financial resources for the rural financial mechanism to improve the rural economy while social development is also seriously restricted. The constraints are discussed as follows: ? Declining number of financing channels in rural financial system By the

38、 end of the 1990s, with the reform of state-owned commercial banks, branches in counties and towns were closed, and the number of financing absorbs channels for farmers was greatly reduced. This process is still ongoing. Postal Savings, which is comparable to the four state-owned commercial banks

39、in absorbing deposits, serves to collect deposits from rural areas. It deposits but does not provide loans. The Agricultural Development Bank of China has branches only at the county level. Its main business is to provide loans for the state-owned grain system to purchase grain and cotton. In some counties in the inland areas, the only channel for farmers to get loans is the rural credit cooperatives that are far behind in service and quality.