2023年考研英語考試考前沖刺卷（9）

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1、2023年考研英語考試考前沖刺卷（9） 本卷共分為1大題50小題，作答時間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。 一、單項選擇題（共50題，每題2分。每題的備選項中，只有一個最符合題意） 1.Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET

2、1. Text 1 When Dr. John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of California and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of ecocide’ in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following: A large nuclear plant like that in Kalkar, the Netherlands, would produce about

3、200 pounds of plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of

4、this material in western Europe, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties. In 1972 the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ruled th

5、at the asbestos level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions report that the 2-fiber standard was based primarily on one s

6、tudy of 290 men at a British asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reexamined by another physician, 4070 percent had Xray evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question, out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven

7、were caused by lung cancer. An average European or American worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker, states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York. It is now also clear th

8、at vinyl chloride, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel ceils of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the Watergate cover-up.’ There has been evidence of potentiall

9、y serious disease among polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities, summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have been killed by vinyl chloride because research

10、 over the past 25 years was not followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the safe limit imposed by Dow Chemical Company. Notes: plutonium 钚。 asbestos石棉。 polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯。By the author "ecocide' most probably means（） A．waste

11、utilization. B．ecological balance. C．radioactive reaction. D．massive bio destruction. 2.Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Text 1 When Dr. John W. Go

12、fman, professor of medical physics at the University of California and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of ecocide’ in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following: A large nuclear plant like that in Kalkar, the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of plutonium each

13、year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material in western Euro

14、pe, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties. In 1972 the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ruled that the asbestos level in the

15、work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions report that the 2-fiber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at a British

16、asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reexamined by another physician, 4070 percent had Xray evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question, out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lung cancer. A

17、n average European or American worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker, states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York. It is now also clear that vinyl chloride, a gas from

18、 which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel ceils of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the Watergate cover-up.’ There has been evidence of potentially serious disease among polyv

19、inyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities, summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have been killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 years was n

20、ot followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the safe limit imposed by Dow Chemical Company. Notes: plutonium 钚。 asbestos石棉。 polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯。The style of the second paragraph is mainly（） A．factual. B．sarcastic. C．emotional

21、. D．argumentative. 3.Text 2 An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include rem

22、oving rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger. It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of tra

23、de unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 per cent of British workers belong to uni

24、ons, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedure for fixing

25、 wage levels difficult to achieve. There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should re

26、present workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can

27、 fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid job

28、s. Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others

29、 are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of shop stewards in many unions, shop stewards being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be（） A．Bri

30、tish Trade Unions and Their Drawbacks. B．A Centralized and Concentrated Society. C．The Power of Trade Unions in Britain. D．The Structure of British Trade Unions. 4.Text 2 An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain ess

31、ential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services c

32、eases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger. It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily

33、 in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 per cent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational l

34、ines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedure for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve. There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and in

35、efficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are

36、often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspape

37、rs both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs. Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which br

38、ing workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of shop stewards in many unions, shop stewards being workers el

39、ected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.Disagreements arise between unions because some of them（） A．take over other unions' jobs. B．try to win over members of other unions. C．protect their own members at the expense of others. D．intend to represent workers

40、 in new trade organizations. 5.Text 2 An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to in

41、clude removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger. It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the pow

42、er of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 per cent of British workers belo

43、ng to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedure f

44、or fixing wage levels difficult to achieve. There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who

45、should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, u

46、nions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly

47、-paid jobs. Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularl

48、y; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of shop stewards in many unions, shop stewards being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.Because of their out-of-date organization some unions find it

49、difficult to（） A．recruit new members to join. B．remold themselves as industries change. C．adapt to advancing technologies. D．bargain for high enough wages. 6.Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,

50、B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Text 1 When Dr. John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of California and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of ecocide’ in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following: A large nuclear plant like that in K

51、alkar, the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is

52、estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material in western Europe, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties. In 1972 the U.S. Occupation

53、al Safety and Health Administration ruled that the asbestos level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions report that the 2

54、-fiber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at a British asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reexamined by another physician, 4070 percent had Xray evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question,

55、out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lung cancer. An average European or American worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker, states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical

56、 School in New York. It is now also clear that vinyl chloride, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel ceils of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the Watergate cover-up.&

57、rsquo; There has been evidence of potentially serious disease among polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities, summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have be

58、en killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 years was not followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the safe limit imposed by Dow Chemical Company. Notes: plutonium 钚。 asbestos石棉。 polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯。According to

59、the text, the author mentions plutonium in paragraph 1 to（） A．estimate the amount of nuclear material in Europe. B．exemplify one of the possible causes of lung cancer. C．highlight the measures needed to prevent lung cancer. D．show the destructive properties of industrial waste materials. 7.Te

60、xt 2 An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital a

61、nd ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger. It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions such an importa

62、nt issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 per cent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a

63、quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedure for fixing wage levels difficult to

64、 achieve. There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new tr

65、ades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members&

66、rsquo; disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs. Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single genera