2023年貴州考研英語考試真題卷

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1、2023年貴州考研英語考試真題卷 本卷共分為1大題50小題，作答時間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。 一、單項選擇題（共50題，每題2分。每題的備選項中，只有一個最符合題意） 1.Text 2Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the vi

2、sible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscope have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X ra

3、ys rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny de tails; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940’ s because the develo

4、pment of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940’ s, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-r

5、ay microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions, of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only avail able sources of soft X rays.The new X-ray m

6、icroscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike co

7、nventional electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an

8、 angstrom is one ten - billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to, image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special prope

9、rties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light-and-electron-based instruments.Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph（） A．To begin a discussion, of sixteenth-century discoveries. B．To put the X-ray microscope in a h

10、istorical perspective. C．To show how limited its uses are. D．To explain how it functioned. 2.Text 2Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope

11、 late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscope have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than light o

12、r electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny de tails; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940’ s because the development of the electron

13、microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940’ s, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has rev

14、ived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions, of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only avail able sources of soft X rays.The new X-ray microscopes considerabl

15、y improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron mi

16、croscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten -

17、 billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to, image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possib

18、le investigations that will complement those performed with light-and-electron-based instruments.According to the passage, the invention of the visible - light microscope allowed scientists to （） A．see viruses directly B．develop the electron microscope later on C．understand more about the distr

19、ibution of the chemical elements D．discover single-celled plants anal animals they had never seen before 3.Text 2Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-lig

20、ht microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscope have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather

21、 than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny de tails; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940’ s because the development of

22、the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940’ s, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray micros

23、copes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions, of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only avail able sources of soft X rays.The new X-ray microscope

24、s considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventiona

25、l electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom

26、 is one ten - billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to, image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties wil

27、l make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light-and-electron-based instruments.Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about X-ray microscopes in the future（） A．They will probably replace electron microscopes altogether. B．They will eventually

28、 he much cheaper to produce than they are now. C．They will provide information not available from other kinds of microscopes. D．They will eventually change the illumination range that they now use. 4.Text 2Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the

29、function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscope have provided direct views of viruses and

30、 minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny de tails; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; i

31、ts development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940’ s because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940’ s, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance

32、 of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions, of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for

33、 most of the century, were the only avail able sources of soft X rays.The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others

34、hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination

35、 used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten - billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to, image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match t

36、he highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light-and-electron-based instruments.What does the passage mainly discuss（） A．The detail seen through a microscope. B．Sources of

37、illumination for microscopes. C．A new kind of microscope. D．Outdated microscopic techniques. 5.Text 2Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microsco

38、pe late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscope have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than light

39、 or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny de tails; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940’ s because the development of the electro

40、n microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940’ s, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has r

41、evived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions, of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only avail able sources of soft X rays.The new X-ray microscopes considera

42、bly improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron

43、microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten

44、 - billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to, image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make poss

45、ible investigations that will complement those performed with light-and-electron-based instruments.Why did it take so long to develop the X-ray microscope（） A．Funds for research were insufficient. B．The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently. C．Materials used to manufacture

46、 X-ray tubes were difficult to obtain. D．X-ray microscopes were too complicated to operate. 6.Text 3For millions’ of years we have known a world whose resource seemed illimitable however fast, we cut down trees, nature unaided would replace them. However many fish we took from the sea, natur

47、e would restock it. However much sewage we dumped into the river, nature would purify it, just as she would purify the air, however much smoke and fumes we put into it. Today we have reached the stage of realizing that rivers can be polluted past praying for, that seas can be overfished and the fore

48、sts must be managed and fostered if they are not to vanish.But we still retain our primitive optimism about air and water. There will always be enough rain falling from the skies to meet our needs. The air can absorb all the filth we care to put in it. Still less do we worry whether we could ever ru

49、n short of oxygen. Surely there is air enough to breathe. Who ever asks where oxygen comes from, to begin with They should--for we now consume about 10 percent of all the atmospheric oxygen every year, thanks to the many forms of combustion which destroy it; every car, aircraft and power station des

50、troys oxygen in quantities far greater than men consume by breathing.The fact is we are just beginning to press up against the limits of the earth’ s capacity. We begin to have to watch what we are doing to things like water and oxygen, just as we have to watch whether we are overfishing or ov

51、erfelling. The realization has dawned that the earth is t spaceship with strictly limited resources. These resources must, in the long run, be recycled, either by nature or by man. Just as the astronaut’ s urine is purified to provide drinking water and just’ as his expired air is regene

52、rated to be breathed anew, so all the earth’ s re sources must be recycled, sooner or later. Up to now, the slow pace of nature’ s own recycling has served, coupled with the fact that the working capital .of already recycled material was large. But the margins are getting smaller and if

53、men, in even larger numbers, are going to require even larger quantities, the pace of recycling will have to be artificially quickened.All we have is a narrow band of usable atmosphere, no more than seven miles high, a thin crust of land, only one eighth of the surface of which is really suitable fo

54、r people to live on, and a limited supply of drinkable water, which we continually reuse. And in the earth, we have a capital of fossil fuels and ores, which, we steadily run down billions of times faster than nature, restores it. These resources are tied together in a complex set of transactions. T

55、he air helps purify the water, the water irrigates the plants, the plants help to renew the air.We heedlessly intervene in these transactions. For instance, we cut down the forests, which transpire water and oxygen, we build dams and pipeline which limit the movement of animals, we pave the earth an

56、d build reservoirs, altering the water cycle. ’So far, nature has brushed off these injuries as pinprick. But now we are becoming so strong, so clever and so numerous, that they are beginning to hurt.Which of the following best conveys the' idea that man has been careless and unconcerned in hi

57、s relationship with nature（） A．He has exploited the earth' s resources. B．He has shown little understanding of nature' s ways. C．He has abused the earth' s resources. D．He has not appreciated nature' s beauty and benefits sufficiently. 7.Text 3For millions’ of years we h

58、ave known a world whose resource seemed illimitable however fast, we cut down trees, nature unaided would replace them. However many fish we took from the sea, nature would restock it. However much sewage we dumped into the river, nature would purify it, just as she would purify the air, however muc

59、h smoke and fumes we put into it. Today we have reached the stage of realizing that rivers can be polluted past praying for, that seas can be overfished and the forests must be managed and fostered if they are not to vanish.But we still retain our primitive optimism about air and water. There will a

60、lways be enough rain falling from the skies to meet our needs. The air can absorb all the filth we care to put in it. Still less do we worry whether we could ever run short of oxygen. Surely there is air enough to breathe. Who ever asks where oxygen comes from, to begin with They should--for we now

61、consume about 10 percent of all the atmospheric oxygen every year, thanks to the many forms of combustion which destroy it; every car, aircraft and power station destroys oxygen in quantities far greater than men consume by breathing.The fact is we are just beginning to press up against the limits o

62、f the earth’ s capacity. We begin to have to watch what we are doing to things like water and oxygen, just as we have to watch whether we are overfishing or overfelling. The realization has dawned that the earth is t spaceship with strictly limited resources. These resources must, in the long

63、run, be recycled, either by nature or by man. Just as the astronaut’ s urine is purified to provide drinking water and just’ as his expired air is regenerated to be breathed anew, so all the earth’ s re sources must be recycled, sooner or later. Up to now, the slow pace of nature&r

64、squo; s own recycling has served, coupled with the fact that the working capital .of already recycled material was large. But the margins are getting smaller and if men, in even larger numbers, are going to require even larger quantities, the pace of recycling will have to be artificially quickened.

65、All we have is a narrow band of usable atmosphere, no more than seven miles high, a thin crust of land, only one eighth of the surface of which is really suitable for people to live on, and a limited supply of drinkable water, which we continually reuse. And in the earth, we have a capital of fossil

66、 fuels and ores, which, we steadily run down billions of times faster than nature, restores it. These resources are tied together in a complex set of transactions. The air helps purify the water, the water irrigates the plants, the plants help to renew the air.We heedlessly intervene in these transactions. For instance, we cut down the forests, which transpire water and oxygen, we build dams and pipeline which limit the movement of animals, we pave the earth and build reservoirs, altering the wa