2022年考博英語-合肥工業(yè)大學考試內容及全真模擬沖刺卷（附帶答案與詳解）第69期

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1、2022年考博英語-合肥工業(yè)大學考試內容及全真模擬沖刺卷（附帶答案與詳解） 1. 單選題 Judging by the books sold, this young writer seems to have a strong ______ over the reading public. 問題1選項 A.personality B.disgust C.antipathy D.hold 【答案】D 【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項personality“個性，品格”，B項disgust“厭惡，嫌惡”，指對某事物的強烈厭惡或不贊成的感覺，C項anti

2、pathy“反感，厭惡，憎惡”，指對某人或某事強烈的反感，D項hold“控制，影響，保留”。由Judging by the books sold“從售出的書來判斷”可知，have a strong ______ over the reading public中的空格處表示“影響”符合語境。句意：從售出的書來看，這位年輕作家似乎對讀者有很強的影響力。因此，該題選擇D項正確。 2. 單選題 Until recently most astronomers believed that the space between the galaxies in our universe was

3、a near perfect vacuum. This orthodox view of the universe is now being challenged by astronomers who believe that a heavy “rain” of gas is falling into many galaxies from the supposedly empty space around them. The gas apparently condenses into a collection of small supposedly empty space around the

4、m. The gas apparently condenses into a collection of small stars, each a little larger than the planet Jupiter. These stars vastly outnumber the other stars in a given galaxy. The amount of “intergalactic rainfall” into some of these galaxies has been enough to double their mass in the time since th

5、ey formed. Scientists have begun to suspect that this intergalactic gas is probably a mixture of gases left over from the “big bang” when the galaxies were formed and gas was forced out of galaxies by supernova explosions. It is well known that when gas is cooled at a constant pressure its volume d

6、ecreases. Thus, the physicist Fabian reasoned that as intergalactic gas cools, the cooler gas shrinks inward toward the center of the galaxy. Meanwhile its place is taken by hotter intergalactic gas from farther out on the edge of the galaxy, which cools as it is compressed and flows into the galaxy

7、. The net result is a continuous flow of gas, starting as hot gases in intergalactic space and ending as a drizzle of cool gas called a “cooling flow,” falling into the central galaxy. A fairly heretical idea in the 1970’s, the cooling-flow theory gained support when Fabian observed a cluster of gal

8、axies in the constellation Perseus and found the central galaxy, NGC 1275, to be a strange-looking object with irregular, thin strands of gas radiating from it. According to previous speculation, these strands were gases that had been blown out by an explosion in the galaxy. Fabian, however, disagre

9、ed. Because the strands of gas radiating from NGC 1275 are visible in optical photographs, Fabian suggested that such strands consisted not of gas blown out of the galaxy but of cooling flows of gas streaming inward. He noted that the wavelengths of the radiation emitted by a gas would change as the

10、 gas cooled, so that as the gas flowed into the galaxy and became cooler, it would emit not x-rays, but visible light, like that which was captured in the photographs. Fabian’s hypothesis was supported by Canizares’ determination in 1982 that most of the gas in the Perseus cluster was at a temperatu

11、re of 80 million degrees Kelvin, whereas the gas immediately surrounding NGC 1275(the subject of the photographs) was at one-tenth this temperature. 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______. 2. It can be inferred from the passage that, if Fabian is correct, gas in the peripheral region

12、s of a galaxy cluster ______. 3. According to the passage, Fabian believes that gas flowing into a central galaxy has which of the following characteristics? 4. The author of the passage probably mentions Canizares’ determination in order to ______. 問題1選項 A.illustrate a hypothesis about th

13、e origin of galaxies B.provide evidence to dispute an accepted theory about the evolution of galaxies C.summarize the state of and prospects for research in intergalactic astronomy D.reconcile opposing views on the formation of intergalactic gas 問題2選項 A.streams outward into interg

14、alactic space B.is composed primarily of gas left over from the big bang C.is hotter than gas in the central regions of the galaxy D.expands to increase the size of the galaxy 問題3選項 A.It is one-tenth hotter than it was in the outer regions of the galaxy cluster. B.It emits radi

15、ation with wavelengths that change as the gas moves toward the center of the galaxy. C.The total amount of radiation emitted diminishes as the gas cools. D.It condenses at a rate much slower than the rate of decrease in temperature as the gas flows inward. 問題4選項 A.clarify an ambiguit

16、y in Fabian’s research findings B.illustrate a generalization about the temperature of gas in a galaxy cluster C.introduce a new argument in support of the orthodox view of galaxies D.provide support for Fabian’s assertions about the Perseus galaxies 【答案】第1題:B 第2題:C 第3題:B 第4題:D 【解析

17、】1.【試題答案】B 【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“文章的主要目的是……”。文章的第一段提出了不同的宇宙的正統(tǒng)觀點并做了初步介紹：This orthodox view of the universe is now being challenged by astronomers who believe that a heavy “rain” of gas is falling into many galaxies from the supposedly empty space around them.（這種關于宇宙的正統(tǒng)觀點現(xiàn)在正受到天文學家的挑戰(zhàn)，他們認為一場巨大的氣體“雨”正從許多星

18、系周圍的所謂真空落入它們）；接著第二段就圍繞具體的內容展開闡述，提出了不同天文學家的不同的看法；由此可以推知文章的目的是為反駁關于星系進化的被接受的理論提供證據(jù)，B項“提供證據(jù)來爭論關于星系演化的公認理論”符合題意；A項“舉例說明一個關于星系起源的假說”和D項“調和關于星系間氣體形成的不同觀點”只是文章其中的一部分；C項“綜述了星系間天文學的研究現(xiàn)狀和前景”，文中沒有提到天文學的研究現(xiàn)狀和前景。因此，該題選擇B項正確。 2.【試題答案】C 【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從這篇文章中可以推斷出，如果Fabian是正確的，在一個星系團的外圍區(qū)域的氣體……”。根據(jù)第二段的第二句和第三句Th

19、us, the physicist Fabian reasoned that as intergalactic gas cools, the cooler gas shrinks inward toward the center of the galaxy. Meanwhile its place is taken by hotter intergalactic gas from farther out on the edge of the galaxy, which cools as it is compressed and flows into the galaxy.（因此，物理學家Fab

20、ian推斷，當星系間氣體冷卻時，冷卻的氣體會向星系中心收縮。與此同時，它的位置被來自更遠星系邊緣的較熱的氣體所取代，這些氣體冷卻和壓縮并流入星系。）可知，F(xiàn)abian認為一個星系團的外圍區(qū)域的氣體要比星系中心熱，C項“比星系中心區(qū)域的氣體還要熱”正確；A項“流向星系間的空間”，這是當星系間氣體冷卻時，冷卻的氣體會流向星系中心，題干問的是星系團的外圍氣體；B項“主要是由大爆炸留下的氣體組成”和D項“擴大增加了星系的體積”沒有提到。因此，該題選擇C項正確。 3.【試題答案】B 【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章，F(xiàn)abian認為流入中央星系的氣體具有以下哪一個特征？”。由第二段倒數(shù)第

21、二句He noted that the wavelengths of the radiation emitted by a gas would change as the gas cooled, so that as the gas flowed into the galaxy and became cooler, it would emit not x-rays, but visible light, like that which was captured in the photographs.（Fabian指出，隨著氣體冷卻，氣體發(fā)出的輻射波長會發(fā)生變化，因此當氣體流入星系并變得更冷時，

22、它不會發(fā)出x射線，而是發(fā)出可見光，就像照片中捕捉到的那樣）可知，F(xiàn)abian認為流入中央星系的氣體發(fā)出的輻射波長會隨著氣體向星系中心移動而發(fā)生變化，B項“它發(fā)出的輻射波長隨著氣體向星系中心移動而變化”正確；由第二段最后一句Fabian’s hypothesis was supported by Canizares’ determination in 1982 that most of the gas in the Perseus cluster was at a temperature of 80 million degrees Kelvin, whereas the gas immediat

23、ely surrounding NGC 1275(the subject of the photographs) was at one-tenth this temperature.（Fabian的假設得到了1982年Canizares的支持，即英仙座星系團的大部分氣體溫度為8000萬開氏度，而緊鄰NGC 1275的氣體溫度僅為這個溫度的十分之一）可知，星系團外圍區(qū)域的溫度僅為星系團溫度的十分之一，A項“它比星系團外圍區(qū)域的溫度高十分之一”錯誤；C項“隨著氣體冷卻，放射出的輻射總量減少”，文中沒有提到發(fā)出的輻射量是增多還是減少；D項“當氣體向內流動時，它冷凝的速度比溫度下降的速度要慢得多”沒提

24、到。因此，該題選擇B項正確。 4.【試題答案】D 【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“這篇文章的作者提到Canizares的決定可能是為了……”。第二段最后一句提到Fabian’s hypothesis was supported by Canizares’ determination in 1982 that most of the gas in the Perseus cluster was at a temperature of 80 million degrees Kelvin, whereas the gas immediately surrounding NGC 1275(th

25、e subject of the photographs) was at one-tenth this temperature.（Fabian的假設得到了1982年Canizares的支持，即英仙座星系團的大部分氣體溫度為8000萬開氏度，而緊鄰NGC 1275的氣體溫度僅為這個溫度的十分之一），可推知作者提到Canizares的決定是為了對Fabian關于英仙座星系的斷言提供支持，D項“為Fabian關于英仙座星系的斷言提供支持”符合題意；A項“澄清Fabian研究結果中的一個歧義”，文中沒有提到歧義；B項“舉例說明一個關于星系團中氣體溫度的概括”并不是文章提到Canizares的目的；C項

26、“引入一個新的論點來支持正統(tǒng)的星系觀點”，文章在這里是用來支持Fabian的假設，而非正統(tǒng)的星系觀點。因此，該題選擇D項正確。 3. 單選題 Something unexpected happened to the mountain climber, but he was calm enough to ______ the protruding rock. 問題1選項 A.size up B.hang onto C.pack in D.break up 【答案】B 【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項size up“打量，估計……的大小”

27、，B項hang onto“依附，繼續(xù)保留，緊緊抓住”，C項pack in“停止”，D項break up“打碎，破碎，結束”。由Something unexpected happened to the mountain climber“那位登山者發(fā)生了意想不到的事”和the protruding rock“突出的巖石”可知，“緊緊抓住”符合語境。句意：登山者發(fā)生了意想不到的事情，但他足夠冷靜地抓住了突出的巖石。因此，該題選擇B項正確。 4. 單選題 The most obvious and least noticed man-made marvel in California i

28、s its highway system. It is an engineering event on the scale of the transcontinental railroad, over 15, 000 miles long and fifty years in the making. By a long measure, it is the best highway system in the country, which means that it is the best highway system in the world. California, its various

29、 departments and agencies, has taught numberless nations how to build modem roads, and if the world is now less convinced about the necessity of superhighways that it used to be, that has more to do with geology than with design and engineering. The California highway system is also where many of u

30、s learned the pleasures of motoring. Much has been written about (California’s love affair with the automobile, and much of it is wrong. To be sure, a few citizens lavish an inordinate amount of attention on their cars, but for most of us routine maintenance and a sporty little ironclad warranty are

31、 all necessary. The real pleasures of the road have to do with driving the experience rather than the vehicle, the verb rather than the noun. The pleasures of driving are an obvious extension of the pleasures of the trail, the progressive revelation of natural wonders and cultural information. Drivi

32、ng is an aesthetic experience so commonplace that it is frequently ignored, yet a bad drive is as painful as a bad painting and requires much more stamina to endure. For Americans, driving is also nearly universal; more people have revealed in a good drive than have, say, attended a baseball game or

33、 gotten divorced. So it is the good drives that we celebrate here. The following list is arbitrary and personal—and incomplete. I have not driven every road in California, I have heard, for instance, that 299 from Redding to Alturas is worth a detour (繞道), but I have not included it because I’ve ne

34、ver done it. Call this list rather, a talking paper, a work in progress, a set of nominations (there are only seven drives on it, which suggests that the California top ten has three slots open). My criteria were mostly predictable scenic beauty, surprise, transformation, ease of driving, traffic fl

35、ow, plus a leavening of whim. They are listed in a vague order of reference, as follows. 1. What does the author want to tell us in the first paragraph? 2. It is on California highways that many people ______. 3. According to the author, a few citizens tend to ______. 4. The second paragraph s

36、uggests the driving is ______. 5. If the author introduces some roads in California to the reader in the following paragraph, how many roads are to the introduced? 問題1選項 A.The California highway system is a wonder. B.California has an advantage in geology and geography. C.Roads in Cal

37、ifornia are all superhighways. D.Highways won’t be necessary in the future. 問題2選項 A.learn to motorcycle B.begin to enjoy driving C.fall in love D.learn how to drive 問題3選項 A.take too much care of their cars B.Ignore the maintenance of their cars C.paint while dri

38、ving along the roads D.lack the ability to appreciate the beauty 問題4選項 A.considered a world-wide game by Americans B.as interesting as watching baseball games C.a very popular entertainment for Americans D.one of the reasons of some divorces 問題5選項 A.3 B.7 C.10

39、 D.299 【答案】第1題:A 第2題:B 第3題:A 第4題:C 第5題:B 【解析】1.【試題答案】A 【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“第一段作者想要告訴我們什么？”。文章第一段開頭提到The most obvious and least noticed man-made marvel in California is its highway system.（加州最明顯、最不引人注意的人造奇跡是高速公路系統(tǒng)），接著就加州的高速公路系統(tǒng)展開了論述，故A項“加州的高速公路系統(tǒng)是個奇跡”正確；B項“加州在地質和地理上有優(yōu)勢”、C項“加州的公路都是高速公路”和D項“高

40、速公路在未來是沒有必要的”沒有提到。因此，該題選擇A項正確。 2.【試題答案】B 【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“在加州高速公路上許多人……”。根據(jù)第二段第一句The California highway system is also where many of us learned the pleasures of motoring.（加州高速公路系統(tǒng)也是大部分的我們了解到駕駛樂趣的地方）可知，B項“開始享受駕駛”正確；A項“學會摩托車”和D項“學會開車”都屬于駕駛；C項“墜入愛河”沒有提到。因此，該題選擇B項正確。 3.【試題答案】A 【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作

41、者的說法，少數(shù)公民傾向于……”。文章第二段第三句提到To be sure, a few citizens lavish an inordinate amount of attention on their cars, but for most of us routine maintenance and a sporty little ironclad warranty are all necessary.（誠然，少數(shù)市民在他們的汽車上花費了過多的精力，但對我們大多數(shù)人來說，例行維護和小小的保修都是必要的）可知，A項“過多關注他們的汽車”正確；B項“忽視他們的汽車維護”這是以過多關注汽車為前提的

42、，故不選；C項“在路上開車時刷漆”沒有提到；D項“缺乏欣賞美的能力”，文中只是提到“開車作為一種常見的審美體驗經常被忽視”，并沒有提到缺乏。因此，該題選擇A項正確。 4.【試題答案】C 【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“第二段暗示駕駛是……”。第二段最后一句指出For Americans, driving is also nearly universal; more people have revealed in a good drive than have, say, attended a baseball game or gotten divorced.（對美國人來說，駕駛幾乎是非常

43、普遍的事情；比起去看棒球賽或離婚的人，更多的人在良好的駕駛中展露出來），可知在美國，駕駛是一件很普遍的事情，且前面提到駕駛是一種樂趣，所以是一個大眾娛樂，C項“對美國人來說是一個大眾娛樂”正確；由此可知A項“被美國人視為一個遍布世界的活動”錯誤；關于B項“和看棒球比賽一樣有趣”和D項“離婚的其中原因之一”，文中只是把看棒球比賽的人和離婚的人與駕駛的人們進行了比較，重點強調駕駛是一種大眾娛樂，并沒有提到這兩項的內容。因此，該題選擇C項正確。 5.【試題答案】B 【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“如果作者在接下來的段落中向讀者介紹了一些加州的道路，那么有多少條路可以被介紹給讀者？”。最后一段

44、提到there are only seven drives on it, which suggests that the California top ten has three slots open.（名單上只有7條道路，這意味著加州前10名還有3個空缺）可知，有7條道路可以介紹給讀者，B項正確；由此也可知A項和C項不正確；D項在最后一段中的299 from Redding to Alturas is worth a detour（從雷丁到阿爾圖拉斯的299路值得繞道而行）提到，可知299只是一條道路的編號。因此，該題選擇B項正確。 5. 單選題 The presiden

45、t’s critics say he has been too ______ in responding to changing international developments. 問題1選項 A.luscious B.forlorn C.timid D.eloquent 【答案】C 【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項luscious“甘美的，滿足感官的”，B項forlorn“被遺棄的，絕望的，孤獨的”，C項timid“膽小的，羞怯的”，D項eloquent“意味深長的，雄辯的，有口才的”。由The president’s critics“總統(tǒng)的批評

46、者”可知，后面是負面的評價，排除A項和D項，根據(jù)responding to changing international developments“應對國際形勢的變化”可知，C項符合語境。句意：總統(tǒng)的批評者說，他在應對不斷變化的國際發(fā)展方面過于膽怯。因此，該題選擇C項正確。 6. 單選題 Miss Tennant was ______ into revealing the names of the people who got involved in organizing and carrying out the murders. 問題1選項 A.infuria

47、ted B.poked C.dragooned D.aggrandized 【答案】C 【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項infuriate“激怒，使大怒”，B項poke“刺，捅，戳”，C項dragoon“迫使，強迫，以武力鎮(zhèn)壓”，D項aggrandize“增加，夸大，強化”。根據(jù)句子意思“坦南特小姐……透露了參與組織和實施這些謀殺的人的名字”可知，四個選項中只有dragoon符合語境，dragoon sb. into sth.表示“迫使某人做某事”。句意：坦南特小姐被迫透露了參與組織和實施這些謀殺的人的名字。因此，該題選擇C項正確。 7. 單選題 It

48、is often ______ to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. 問題1選項 A.tempting B.unanimous C.irretrievable D.disgusting 【答案】A 【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項tempting“吸引人的，誘惑人的”，B項unanimous“全體一致的，意見一致的，無異

49、議的”，C項irretrievable“不能彌補的，不能復原的”，D項disgusting“令人厭惡的”。根據(jù)but可知前后語義是轉折的關系，由后半句中的dangerous對比可知，前半句應該填入一個和dangerous相對的詞語，四個選項中只有A項符合。句意：催促孩子快得超過他的自然學習速度往往是誘人的，但這可能會在孩子中建立危險的失敗感和擔心的狀態(tài)。因此，該題選擇A項正確。 8. 單選題 Frank’s remark that he was “slightly bruised” in the accident is a/an ______; he suffered two

50、fractured ribs. 問題1選項 A.synecdoche B.metonymy C.understatement D.personification 【答案】C 【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項synecdoche“提喻法”，B項metonymy“轉喻”，C項understatement“保守的陳述，不充分的陳述”，D項personification“人格化，化身，擬人法”。根據(jù)he suffered two fractured ribs“他兩根肋骨骨折”可知，F(xiàn)rank’s remark that he was “slightly brui

51、sed” in the accident is a/an ______表示的是“弗蘭克說他在事故中有輕微擦傷只是保守的陳述”。句意：弗蘭克說他在事故中有“輕微瘀傷”是輕描淡寫的；他兩根肋骨骨折。因此，該題選擇C項正確。 9. 單選題 A defeated candidate for the House of Representatives must wait two years before running again, because elections are ______. 問題1選項 A.semiannual B.biennial C.bia

52、nnual D.bilateral 【答案】B 【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項semiannual“每半年的，半年一次的”，B項biennial“兩年一次的”，C項biannual“一年兩度的”，D項bilateral“雙邊的，有兩邊的”。根據(jù)wait two years before running again“等待兩年再次參選”可知，“兩年一次的”符合語境。句意：被擊敗的眾議院候選人必須等待兩年才能再次參選，因為選舉是兩年一次的。因此，該題選擇B項正確。 10. 單選題 The first mistake is to think of mankind as

53、a thing in itself. It isn’t. It is part of an intricate web of life. And we can’t think even of life as a thing in itself. It isn’t. It is part of the intricate structure of a planet bathed by energy from the Sun. The Earth, in the nearly 5 billion years since it assumed approximately its present f

54、orm, has undergone a vast evolution. When it first came into being, it very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere. These were formed by the gradual outward movement of material as the solid interior settled together. Nor were ocean, atmosphere, and solid crust independen

55、t of each other after formation. There is interaction always: evaporation, condensation, solution, weathering. Far within the solid crust there are slow, continuing changes, too, of which hot springs, volcanoes, and earth-quakes are the more noticeable manifestations here on the surface. Between 2

56、billion and 3 billion years ago, portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to qualify as what we call “l(fā)ife”. Life forms have become more complex and more various ever since. But the life for

57、ms are as much part of the structure of the Earth as any inanimate portion is. It is all an inseparable part of a whole. If any animal is isolated totally from other forms of life, then death by starvation will surely follow. If isolated from water, death by asphyxiation will follow still faster. If

58、 isolated from the Sun, animals will survive for a time, but plants would die, and if all plants died, all animal would starve. It works in reverse, too, for the inanimate portion of Earth is shaped and molded by life. The nature of the atmosphere has been changed by plant activity (which adds to t

59、he air the free oxygen it could not otherwise retain). The soil is turned by earthworms, while enormous ocean reefs are formed by coral. The entire planet, plus solar energy, is one enormous intricately interrelated system. The entire planet is a life form made up of nonliving portions and a large

60、variety of living portions (as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions). In fact, we can pursue the analogy. A man is of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types, all interrelated and interdependent. Loss o

61、f some of those cells, such as those making up an entire, will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism: serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ, such as the heart or kidneys, may end by killing all 50 trillion. In the same way, on planetary scale, the chopping down of an entire

62、 forest may not threaten Earth’s life in general, but it will produce serious changes in the life forms of the region and even in the nature of the water runoff and, therefore, in the details of geological structure. A serious decline in the bee population will affect the numbers of those plants tha

63、t depend on bees for fertilization, then the numbers of those animals that depend on those particular bee-fertilized plants, and so on. Or consider cell growth. Cells in those organs that suffer constant wear and tear—as in the skin or in the intestinal lining—grow and multiply all life long. Other

64、 cells, not so exposed, as in nerve and muscle, do not multiply at all in the adult, under any circumstances. Still other organs, ordinarily quiescent, as liver and bone, stand ready to grow if that is necessary to replace damage. When the proper repairs are made, growth stops. In a much looser and

65、 more flexible way, the same is true of die “planet organism” (which we study in the science called ecology). If cougars grow too numerous, the deer they live on are decimated, and some of the cougars die of starvation, so that their “proper number” is restored. If too many cougars die, then deer mu

66、ltiply with particular rapidity, and cougars multiply quickly in turn, till the additional predators bring down the number of deer again. Barring interference from outside, the eaters and the eaten retain their proper numbers, and both are the better for it. The neat economy of growth within an organism such as a human being is sometimes—for what reason, we know not—disrupted, and a group of cells begins growing without limit. This is the dread disease of cancer, and unless that growing group o