2022年考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)考試題庫(kù)及模擬押密卷43(含答案解析)

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1、2022年考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)考試題庫(kù)及模擬押密卷(含答案解析) 1. 單選題 Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful f

2、or each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied. In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms th

3、at are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their c

4、oncern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved. How might the emic and etic ap

5、proaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, there searchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethic minority groups. In a subsequent st

6、udy there searchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class, White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely dis

7、cover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families can

8、not always be generalized to all ethnic groups. 1.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to(? ). 2.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach? 3.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently mor

9、e (? ).?? 4.The etic approach is concerned with (? ).?? 5.Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage? 問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng) A.be overcautious in constructing meaningfi.il measures B.view them from their own cultural perspective C.guard aga

10、inst interference from their own culture D.accept readily what is alien to their own culture 問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng) A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues. B.The former is biased while the latter is objective. C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while th

11、e latter on family issues. D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys. 問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng) A.culturally interactive B.culture-oriented C.culturally biased D.culture-specific 問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng) A.the general characteristics of minority families B.culture-related

12、 concepts of individual ethnic groups C.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups D.the economic conditions of different types of families 問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng) A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable. B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend. C.They don’t

13、interact with each other so much as White families. D.They have closer family ties than White families. 【答案】第1題:B 第2題:A 第3題:D 第4題:C 第5題:D 【解析】1.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵信息定位到文章一段第一句“Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to she

14、d any biases they bring with them from their own culture.不熟悉他們所研究的文化和種族的研究人員必須采取額外的預(yù)防措施,以擺脫他們從自己的文化帶來(lái)的任何偏見(jiàn)。”可知研究人員很容易帶著文化偏見(jiàn)(從自己的文化角度)去研究其他文化。B選項(xiàng)“從他們自己的文化角度來(lái)看待(其他文化)”符合題意。 2.判斷推理題。the emic approach and the etic approach“主位法和非位法”出現(xiàn)在第二段中,“In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one c

15、ulture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. 在主位方法中,研究者的目標(biāo)是描述一個(gè)文化或種族群體的行為,這個(gè)行為明

16、確對(duì)那個(gè)文化或種族群體的人來(lái)說(shuō)是有意義的或智慧的,而不考慮其他文化或種族群體。在非遺傳方法中,研究者的目標(biāo)是描述行為,以便對(duì)不同文化群里中的行為進(jìn)行歸納?!币簿褪钦f(shuō),這兩種方法的區(qū)別在于側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同,因此,A選項(xiàng)“他們對(duì)民族問(wèn)題的研究重點(diǎn)不同”正確。 3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由上題分析可知,the emic approach專注于對(duì)特定文化群體的行為進(jìn)行描述,因此D選項(xiàng)“文化特異性”正確。A選項(xiàng)“文化互動(dòng)性”;B選項(xiàng)“文化導(dǎo)向性”;C選項(xiàng)“文化偏見(jiàn)性”。 4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由27題分析可知,the etic approach專注于比對(duì)不同文化群體的行為特征,因此C選項(xiàng)“不同文化或民族的共同特征”符合題

17、意。 5.判斷推理題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中“In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. 通過(guò)對(duì)少數(shù)民族家庭的研究,研究人員可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),與美國(guó)白人家庭相比,少數(shù)民族家庭的大家庭更是一個(gè)支持系統(tǒng)?!币虼?,比起白人家庭,少數(shù)民族家庭成員間的

18、聯(lián)系應(yīng)更為緊密。因此D選項(xiàng)“他們的家庭關(guān)系比白人家庭更緊密”符合題意。 2. 翻譯題 好的教師知道他們的職責(zé)不單是向?qū)W生灌輸知識(shí),他們深切體會(huì)到教學(xué)工作不只是授課。好的教師運(yùn)用對(duì)所教導(dǎo)的科目的熱情和愛(ài)好,來(lái)激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,并不斷構(gòu) 想新方法和吸取新觀點(diǎn),來(lái)為每一堂課注入新的生命。最重要的是:好的教師能使每一名學(xué)生深信自己事事都能勝任。他們絕對(duì)信任學(xué)生的能力,深信每一名孩子都有發(fā)揮潛能成為心目中要成為的人物。好的教師使學(xué)生自我肯定本身的能力,鼓勵(lì)他們勇于追求夢(mèng)想,并從旁引導(dǎo)他們?nèi)绾螌?shí)現(xiàn)這些夢(mèng)想。 【答案】Good teachers know that t

19、heir job is not just to impart knowledge, they understand that teaching is more than just instructing. Good teachers inspire in their students a love for learning through their enthusiasm and passion for their subject, and through their own efforts to continually develop new skills and embrace new i

20、deas in order to bring a fresh perspective to every lesson. Above all else, good teachers have the ability to make every student feel that he is a winner. They have faith in their students' abilities, and believe that every child has the potential to be anything he wants to be. Good teachers give th

21、eir students a sense of self-worth, encourage them to dream, and show them how to pursue those dreams. 3. 單選題 The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related co

22、ncepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities dependently striving for something which is inadequate supply. Competitors may aware of one another, which has been defined as a

23、process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between indiv

24、iduals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war form the premise that in the struggle for

25、 existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competit

26、ion for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animal. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and

27、materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline.

28、While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-1ike conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is 1.In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms i

29、n order to(? ). 2.According the author, competition differs from conflict in that (? ).?? 3.The phrase “function in the disservice of one another” (Line7, Para. 1) most probably means(? ). 4.The passage is probably intended to answer the question “(? )". 問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng) A.argue for the similarit

30、ies between animal societies and human societies B.smooth out the conflicts in human societies C.distinguish between two kinds of opposition D.summarize that characteristic features of cooperation 問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng) A.it results in war in most cases B.it induces efforts to expand territory

31、 C.it is a kind of opposition among social entities D.it is essentially a struggle for existence 問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng) A.betray each other B.harm one another C.help to collaborate with each other D.benefit one another 問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng) A.Is war inevitable? B.Why is there conflict and compet

32、ition? C.Is conflict desirable? D.Can competition lead to conflict? 【答案】第1題:C 第2題:D 第3題:B 第4題:A 【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“在第一段中,作者給一些術(shù)語(yǔ)下了定義,目的是……”。文章第一段提到“這些定義是有必要的,因?yàn)楸仨殢?qiáng)調(diào)在一個(gè)資源有限的世界中,個(gè)人或團(tuán)體之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是不可避免的,但是此沖突不是彼沖突” (These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that compet

33、ition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not conflict),由此可以看出作者是為了區(qū)分兩種“沖突”,選項(xiàng)C符合題意。 2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“在作者看來(lái),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與沖突的區(qū)別在于……”。文章第二段第一、二句提到“很多作者認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是不可避免的,其前提是在動(dòng)物物種的斗爭(zhēng)中,只有適者生存。一般來(lái)說(shuō),這種斗爭(zhēng)在本質(zhì)上是競(jìng)爭(zhēng),而不是沖突”(Many authors have argued for the inevitability of

34、war form the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict),因此選項(xiàng)D“它本質(zhì)是為了生存斗爭(zhēng)”符合題意。 3.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“短語(yǔ)function in the disservice of each other的意思是……”。該短語(yǔ)與后文的function in the service of

35、one another 相對(duì)應(yīng),意思與之相反,選項(xiàng)B符合題意。 4.主旨大意題。題目問(wèn)的是“文章可能主要是為了回答……這個(gè)問(wèn)題”。文章第一句話提到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是不可避免這個(gè)問(wèn)題得到世界上很多偉大作家的關(guān)注(The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers);文章最后一句話提到國(guó)家之間像戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一樣的沖突不可避免,但是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是不可避免的(it cannot be said that war-1ike conflict among nations is i

36、nevitable, although competition is),可知全文都是在圍繞著“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)能否避免”這話題展開(kāi),選項(xiàng)A符合題意。 4. 單選題 Human language is the subject of endless scientific investigation, but the gestures that accompany speech are a surprisingly neglected area. It is sometimes jokingly said that the way to render an Italian speechles

37、s is to tie his wrists together, but almost everyone moves their hands in meaningful ways when they talk. Susan Goldin-Meadow of the University of Chicago, however, studies gestures carefully-and not out of idle curiosity. Introspection suggests that gesturing not only helps people communicate but a

38、lso helps them to think. She set out to test this, and specifically to find out whether gestures might be used as an aid to children’s learning. It turns out, as she told the AAAS, that they can. The experiment she conducted involved balancing equations. Presented with an equation of 2+3+4=x+4 writ

39、ten on a blackboard, a child is asked to calculate the value of x. In the equations Dr. Goldin-Meadow always made the last number on the left the same as the last on the right; so x was the sum of the first two numbers. Commonly, however, children who are learning arithmetic will add all three of th

40、e numbers on the left to arrive at the value of x. In her previous work Dr. Goldin-Meadow had noted that children often use spontaneous gestures when explaining how they solve mathematical puzzles, so to see if these hand-movements actually help a child to think, or are merely descriptive, she divi

41、ded a group of children into two and asked them to balance equations. One group was asked to gesture while doing so. A second was asked not to. Both groups were then given a lesson in how to solve problems of this sort. As Dr. Goldin-Meadow suspected, the first group learnt more from the lesson tha

42、n the second. By observing their gestures she refined the experiment. Often, a child would touch or point to the first two numbers on the left with the first two fingers of one hand. Dr Goldin-Meadow therefore taught this gesture explicitly to another group of children or, rather, she taught a third

43、 of them, taught another third to point to the second and third numbers this way and told the remainder to use no gestures. When all were given the same lesson it was found those gesturing “correctly” learnt the most. But those gesturing “incorrectly’ still outperformed the non-gesturers. Gesturing

44、, therefore, clearly does help thought. Indeed, it is so thought-provoking that even the wrong gestures have some value. 1.Why does Susan Goldin-Meadow carry out such a study? 2.What can we infer from the first paragraph? 3.According to Susan’s study, children who lean the least may be(? ). 4.Th

45、e last sentence of this text probably means(? ). 問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng) A.To test gesturing only helps people communicate. B.To test gesturing only helps people to think C.To test gesturing helps people communicate and think. D.To test gesturing helps people communicate not to think. 問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

46、 A.Human language is the subject of endless scientific investigation. B.Being one’s wrists together is an Italian way to show speechless. C.Everyone moves their hands in meaningful ways when they talk. D.Gestures accompanying speech are not studies to people’s content. 問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng) A.t

47、hose who make no gestures B.those who gesture correctly C.those who gesture wrongly D.those who make no gestures and gesture wrongly 問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng) A.correct gesturing instead of wrong gesturing is inspiring in learning. B.correct gesturing together with wrong gesturing is inspiring in

48、learning C.no gesturing is more inspiring in learning than wrong gesturing D.neither no gesturing nor wrong gesturing is inspiring in learning 【答案】第1題:C 第2題:D 第3題:A 第4題:B 【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。題目提問(wèn)‘為什么Susan Goldin-Meadow要進(jìn)行這樣的研究?’根據(jù)文章第一段第三句與第四句的“Introspection suggests that gesturing not only help

49、s people communicate but also helps them to think. She set out to test this.研究認(rèn)為手勢(shì)不僅能幫助人們進(jìn)行交流,而且還幫助他們?nèi)ニ伎?。她打算通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)證明這些研究”確定C選項(xiàng)‘測(cè)試手勢(shì)幫助人們進(jìn)行交流和思考‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’測(cè)試手勢(shì) 僅僅幫助人們進(jìn)行交流‘、B選項(xiàng)‘測(cè)試僅僅幫助人們進(jìn)行思考‘只提及了一部分,不正確; D 選項(xiàng)’測(cè)試手勢(shì)幫助人們進(jìn)行交流而不進(jìn)行思考‘與原文不符。 2.推斷題。題目提問(wèn)‘我們能從第一段推斷出什么?’A 選項(xiàng)‘人類語(yǔ)言是無(wú)止境的科學(xué)研究的主題’是第一段中直接提出的,不是推斷出的,排除;B選項(xiàng)‘

50、意大利人表示無(wú)語(yǔ)的方式是手腕放在—起’與文中的 “It is sometimes jokingly said that the way to render an Italian speechless is to tie his wrists together.人們有時(shí)開(kāi)玩笑說(shuō),讓意大利人閉嘴的方法是將他們的手腕綁在一起’意思不符,排除;C選項(xiàng)‘在交談的時(shí)候都會(huì)做出一些意義豐富的手勢(shì)’與“ almost everyone幾乎所有人”不符排除;根據(jù)文章第一段第一句“ Human language is the subject of endless scientific investigation,

51、 but the gestures that accompany speech are a surprisingly neglected area. 人類語(yǔ)言一直是科學(xué)研究的主題,但伴隨語(yǔ)言而來(lái)的手勢(shì)卻出人意料地被忽視了?!蓖茢喑鯠選項(xiàng)‘對(duì)伴隨講話的手勢(shì)研究還不盡人意‘正確。 3.細(xì)節(jié)題。題目提問(wèn)‘根據(jù)蘇珊的研究,學(xué)到最少的小孩可能是……?!鶕?jù)文中倒數(shù)第二段最后兩句 “it was found those gesturing “correctly” learnt the most. But those gesturing “incorrectly” still outperformed t

52、he non-gesturers.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)手勢(shì)正確的小孩學(xué)到的最多。但是也發(fā)現(xiàn)手勢(shì)不正確的小孩學(xué)到的仍然比沒(méi)有使用手勢(shì)的小孩多”確定A選項(xiàng)‘沒(méi)有做手勢(shì)的那些小孩’正確。 4.細(xì)節(jié)題。題目提問(wèn)‘這篇文章的最后一句話可能是指……。’根據(jù)文章最后一句 “Indeed, it is so thought-provoking that even the wrong gestures have some value. 的確,它是如此發(fā)人深省,以至于即使是錯(cuò)誤的姿態(tài)也有一定的價(jià)值。”確定B選項(xiàng)‘正確的和錯(cuò)誤的手勢(shì)都能激勵(lì)學(xué)習(xí)’正確。 5. 單選題 After you’ve starte

53、d to master the techniques, the real struggle is just beginning. It’s(? )that makes you great. 問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng) A.persistence B.insistence C.continuation D.mentality 【答案】A 【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:當(dāng)你開(kāi)始掌握技術(shù)后,真正的斗爭(zhēng)才開(kāi)始。讓你變得偉大的是堅(jiān)持。persistence “堅(jiān)持不懈”;insistence “堅(jiān)持,強(qiáng)調(diào)”;continuation “繼續(xù)”;mentality “心

54、態(tài)”。根據(jù)句意,選項(xiàng)A符合題意。 6. 單選題 Don't trust the speaker any more, since the remarks he made in his lectures are never(? )with the facts. 問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng) A.symmetrical B.comparative C.compatible D.harmonious 【答案】C 【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)symmetrical“勻稱的;對(duì)稱的”;B選項(xiàng)comparative“比較的;相當(dāng)?shù)摹?;C選項(xiàng)compati

55、ble“兼容的;能共處的;可并立的”;D選項(xiàng)harmonious“和諧的;協(xié)調(diào)的;悅耳的”。句意:不要再相信演講者了,因?yàn)樗谘葜v中所做的評(píng)論與事實(shí)不……。compatible with表示“與……一致”,符合本句語(yǔ)境,因此C選項(xiàng)正確。 7. 單選題 In spite of the(? )economic forecast, manufacturing output has risen slightly. 問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng) A.faint B.dizzy C.gloomy D.opaque 【答案】C 【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選

56、項(xiàng)faint“模糊的;頭暈的;虛弱的”;B選項(xiàng)dizzy“眩暈的;昏亂的;心不在焉的”;C選項(xiàng)gloomy“黑暗的;沮喪的”;D選項(xiàng)opaque“不透明的;不傳熱的;遲鈍的”。句意:盡管有……經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測(cè),但制造業(yè)產(chǎn)出略有上升。既然句中有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,說(shuō)明前半部分的經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測(cè)是負(fù)面的,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有C選項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境,表示“令人沮喪的經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測(cè)”。 8. 單選題 People are getting a better idea of the need to protect(? )property rights. 問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng) A.knowledge B.intell

57、igence C.intellectual D.leaning 【答案】C 【解析】固定搭配辨析題。knowledge “知識(shí),學(xué)問(wèn),知道”;intelligence “智力,情報(bào)工作,理解力”:intellectual “智力的,聰明的,理智的”;intellectual property rights “知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”;leaning “傾向,愛(ài)好;傾斜”。本題考察固定搭配intellectual property rights “知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”,句意是‘大家正更好地理解保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的需要?!疌選項(xiàng)正確。 9. 單選題 Unfortunately most

58、of the science fiction films of the 1970s were not much influenced by 2001: A Space Odyssey. Skillfully directed by Stanley Kubrick, 2001, which appeared in 1968, set new standards for science fiction films. During the next decade, every one of the dozens of science fiction movies released was compa

59、res to 2001, and all but a few were found sadly tacking. Admittedly, Kubrick had one of the largest budgets ever for a film of this kind, but, in my opinion, much of the movie’s power and appeal was achieved through relatively inexpensive means. For example, the musical score which was adapted in l

60、arge part from well-known classical compositions, was reinforced by the use of almost kaleidoscopic visual effects, especially during the space travel sequences. Spectacular camera work was edited to correspond precisely to the ebb and flow of the music. After 2001, the dominant theme of science fi

61、ction films shifted from the adventures of space travel to the problems created on earth by man’s mismanagement of the natural environment and the abuse of technology by a totalitarian state. Overpopulation and the accompanying shortages of food prompt the state to impose extraordinary controls on i

62、ts citizens. No fewer than twenty-nine films were made around this theme in the years between 1970 and 1977, including Survivors and Chronicles. In the opinion of this reviewer, until Star Wars was released in 1977, science fiction film were reduced to shallow symbolism disguising to a greater or l

63、esser degree a series of repetitive plots. But Star Wars was different. It offered us a return to imaginative voyages in space and confrontation with intelligent life on other planets. Unlike the other science fiction films of the decade, Star Wars presented technology as having solved rather than a

64、ggravated ecological problems. The special effects created to simulate space vehicles hurtling through the blackness of the universe were reminiscent of the artistic standards set by 2001. 1.In the author’s opinion, most of science fiction films released in the 1970s were(? ). 2.The theme of the m

65、ajority of science fiction films made between 1970 and 1977 was (? ).?? 3.In the author’s opinion, why was 2001 successful? 4.What does the author most object to in the science fiction movies of the 1970s? 問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng) A.better than 2001: A Space Odyssey B.Not as good as 2001: A Space Odyss

66、ey C.almost the same as Star Wars D.better than Star Wars 問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng) A.space travel B.life on other planets C.ecological problems on earth D.wars between the earth and other planets 問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng) A.Because its budget was large. B.Because its camera work and musical score were blended artistically. C.Because its plot was repetitive. D.Because its symbolism was very good. 問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng) A.He objects to their camera work. B.He does not like their music. C.He be

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