環(huán)境科學(xué)專業(yè)英語8

單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,Municipal Solid Waste,如何寫英文摘要,內(nèi)容,：,英文摘要的內(nèi)容要求與中文摘要一樣，包括目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論四部分。,1）目的研究、研制、調(diào)查等的前提、目的和任務(wù)，所涉及的主題范圍。,2）方法所用的原理、理論、條件、對象、材料、工藝、結(jié)構(gòu)、手段、裝備、程序等。,3）結(jié)果實(shí)驗(yàn)的、研究的結(jié)果、數(shù)據(jù)，被確定的關(guān)系，觀察結(jié)果，得到的效果、性能等。,4）結(jié)論結(jié)果的分析、研究、比較、評價、應(yīng)用，提出的問題等。,篇幅,：,國際會議,要求的論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)不等，一般為,200字-500字,。而,國際刊物,要求所刊登的論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)通常是,100字-200字,。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，內(nèi)容上涵蓋全文，并直接點(diǎn)明全旨。語言上要求盡量簡煉。摘要通常多采用第三人稱撰寫。,人稱,：,摘要通常多采用,第三人稱,撰寫。,時態(tài),：大體可概括為以下幾點(diǎn),1）敘述研究過程，多采用一般過去時。,2）在采用一般過去時敘述研究過程當(dāng)中提及在此過程之前發(fā)生的事，宜采用過去完成時。,3）說明某課題現(xiàn)已取得的成果，宜采用現(xiàn)在完成時。,4）摘要開頭表示本文所報告或描述的內(nèi)容，以及摘要結(jié)尾表示作者所認(rèn)為的觀點(diǎn)和建議的做法時，可采用一般現(xiàn)在時。,語態(tài),：,在多數(shù)情況下采用被動語態(tài)。但在某些情況下，特別是表達(dá)作者或有關(guān)專家的觀點(diǎn)時，可用主動語態(tài)，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是鮮明有力。,掌握一定的遣詞造句技巧的目的是便于簡單、準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)，減少讀者的誤解。,1、,用詞力求簡單，在表達(dá)同樣意思時，盡量用短詞代替長詞，以常用詞代替生僻詞。,但是當(dāng)描述方法、步驟時，應(yīng)該用狹義詞代替廣義詞。,例如，英文中有不少動詞，do,run,get,take等，雖簡單常用，但其意義少則十幾個，多則幾十個，用這類詞來描述研究過程，讀者難免產(chǎn)生誤解，甚至?xí)恢?，這就要求根據(jù)具體情況，選擇意義相對明確的詞，諸如perform,achieve等，以便于讀者理解。,原文為,應(yīng)改為,at a temperature of 250 to 300,at 250300,at a high pressure of 1.2 MPa,at 1.2 MPa,相同的信息不要重復(fù)表達(dá),以量的國際單位符號表示物理量單位,（例如，以“kg”代替“kilogram”）。,以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)簡化方法表示英文通用詞,（以“NY”代替“New York”）。,避免使用動詞的名詞形式,。如：,正：“Thickness of plastic sheet was measured”,誤：“measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made”,正確地使用冠詞，既應(yīng)避免多加冠詞，也應(yīng)避免蹩腳地省略冠詞。,如：,正：“Pressure is a function of the temperature”,誤：“The pressure is a function of the temperature”,使用長的、連串的形容詞、名詞、或形容詞加名詞，來修飾名詞。為打破這種狀態(tài)，可使用介詞短語，或用連字符連接名詞詞組中的名詞，形成修飾單元。,例如：,應(yīng)寫為“The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high melt index”，,而不寫為“The chlorine containing high melt index-propylene based polymer”,2、造句1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：盡管英文的句型種類繁多，豐富多彩，但摘要的常用句型卻很有限，而且形成了一定的規(guī)律，大體可歸納為（1）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order toThis paper describesThe purpose of this study is（2）表示研究的對象與方法The curative effect/sensitivity/function of certain drug/kit/organ.was observed/detected/studied（3）表示研究的結(jié)果：The result showed/It proved/The authors found that（4）表示結(jié)論、觀點(diǎn)或建議：The authors suggest/conclude/consider that,2）盡量采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，少用關(guān)系代詞 which,who 等引導(dǎo)的定語從句。由于摘要的時態(tài)多采用一般過去時，使用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句不但會使句式變的復(fù)雜，而且容易造成時態(tài)混亂（因?yàn)槎ㄕZ和它所修飾的主語、賓語之間有時存在一定的時間差，而過去完成時、過去將來時等往往難以準(zhǔn)確判定）。采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，在簡化語句的同時，還可以減少時態(tài)判定的失誤。,需要指出的是，這里所舉的例句對普遍的文章均適合，比較抽象，具體的論文摘要除了可上下面某些句子外，必須有具體內(nèi)容，更確切地說摘要中要包含一些 key words以說明該文涉及的內(nèi)容，但,一般不要在摘要中引用文獻(xiàn),。,1開門見山，說明文章內(nèi)容，可用下面的句子起句：,The aim(or object,purpose)of this paper(or note)is to prove/show/present/develop/generalize/investigate,It is the purpose of this paper to prove/show/present/develop/generalize/investigate,This paper is concerned with/deals with,In this paper we prove/present/propose to show,2如果需要簡略回顧歷史，然后再說明自己文章的內(nèi)容，則可參考采用下面的句子：,The problem,was first treated by,and later,improved by,.,The purpose of this paper is to prove that it holds in a more general case,.,first raised the problem which was later partly solved by,.,We now solve this problem in the case of,3如果文章推廣了別人的結(jié)果，或減弱了別人結(jié)果中的條件，則可參考采用下面的句子：,The purpose of this paper is to generalize the results obtained by,to a more general case,i,.,e,.,In this paper we shall prove several theorems which are generalizations to the results given by,This paper intends to remove some unnecessary assumptions(e,.,g,.,regularity)from the paper on,This paper deals with generalizations of the following problem,This paper improves the result of,on,by weakening the conditions,New Words&Phrases,compost:,A mixture of decaying organic matter,as from leaves and manure,used to improve soil structure and provide nutrients.,堆肥：腐爛有機(jī)體的混合物，如樹葉或糞便，用來改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)并增加土壤養(yǎng)分.,humus:,A brown or black organic substance consisting of partially or wholly decayed vegetable or animal matter that provides nutrients for plants and increases the ability of soil to retain water.,腐殖質(zhì)：一種棕色或黑色的有機(jī)物，由全部或部分腐爛的植物或動物體構(gòu)成，它能為植物提供養(yǎng)分并提高土壤蓄水的能力.,Translation,1)But it was not until the late 19th century that a systematic,municipally-run,waste collection system was put in practice in the United States.,2)Source reduction involves altering the design,manufacture,or use of products and materials to reduce the amount and toxicity of what gets thrown away.,3)Composting decomposes organic waste,such as food scraps and yard trimmings,with microorganisms(mainly bacteria and fungi),producing a humus-like substance.,4)Typical materials that are recycled include batterise,recycled at a rate of 94%,paper and paperboard at 45%,and yard trimmings at 57%.,5)In 1996,recycling of solid waste in the United States prevented the release of 33 million tons of carbon into the air-roughly the amount emitted annually by 25 million cars.,6)In addition to minimizing volume,combustors,when properly equipped,can convert water into,steam,to fuel heating systems or generate electricity.,Questions,1)What does MSW consist of?,2)What do MSW management practices consist of?,3)What is the advantage of the recycling of MSW?,Preparation for Unit 11,-Soil Basics,See you next week!,