環(huán)境科學(xué)專業(yè)英語

,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,Acid Rain,Jinyan Yang,2010-11-14,Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds,（無機(jī)化合物命名法）,New Words&Phrases,1.Names of Cations（陽離子的命名）,元素名稱+ion,*如果某元素能形成一種以上的陽離子，則使用斯托克數(shù)字（Stock number）來表示其所帶電荷（只形成一種陽離子的不必用）。,例:：Na,+,：sodium ion；Ag,+,：silver ion；Ca,2+,：calcium ion；Al,3+,：aluminum ion；Fe,+,：iron（I）ion；Fe,2+,：iron（II）ion；Fe,3+,：iron（III）ion；,例：NH,4,+,：ammonium ion,2.Names of Anions（陰離子的命名）,1）Monatomic anions（單原子陰離子）：,元素名稱的詞干+-ide+ion,例：F,-,：fluoride ion（F：fluorine）；,Cl,-,：chloride ion（Cl：chlorine）；,Br,-,：bromide ion（Br：bromine）；,I,-,：iodide ion（I：iodine）,*氰根（CN,-,）和氫氧根（OH,-,）視同單原子陰離子。,CN,-,：cyanide ion；OH,-,：hydroxide ion,2）Oxyanions（Oxoanions）（含氧陰離子，又稱酸根離子）：,非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ate+ion,（譯為“*酸根離子”）,例：CO,3,2-,：carbonate ion（C：carbon）；,SO,4,2-,：sulfate ion（S：sulfur）；,SO,3,2-,：sulfite ion；,NO,3,-,：nitrate ion（N：nitrogen）；,NO,2,-,：nitrite ion,*如果某元素能形成一種以上的含氧陰離子，則按以下規(guī)則：,a.高（過）*酸根,離子：,per-+,非氧元素名稱的詞 干+-ate+ion,ClO,4,-,：perchlorate ion；,b.*酸根,離子：,非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ate+ion,ClO,3,-,：chlorate ion；,c.亞*酸根,離子：,非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ite+ion,ClO,2,-,：chlorite ion；,d.次*酸根,離子：,hypo-+,非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ite+ion,ClO,-,：hypochlorite ion；,*,偏*酸根離子：meta-+非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ate+ion,PO,3,-,（偏磷酸根）：metaphosphate ion,焦*酸根離子：pyro-+非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ate+ion,3）Anions containing hydrogen（含氫陰離子）：,hydrogen+去掉氫的離子名稱,例：HCO,3,-,：hydrogen carbonate ion,3.Names of Acids（酸的命名）：,酸根離子中非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ic acid,*如果某元素能形成一種以上的含氧酸，則按以下規(guī)則：,a.高（過）*酸：per-+酸根離子中非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ic acid,perchloric acid,b.*酸：酸根離子中非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ic acid,c.亞*酸：酸根離子中非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ous acid,d.次*酸：hypo-+酸根離子中非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ous acid,（從a到d含氧原子數(shù)依次遞減）,*偏*酸：meta-+酸根離子中非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ic acid,焦*酸：pyro-+酸根離子中非氧元素名稱的詞干+-ic acid,例：H,2,SO,4,：sulfuric acid；,H,3,PO,4,：phosphoric acid（P：phosphorus）,4.Names of Bases（堿的命名）：,元素名稱+hydroxide,*如果某元素能形成一種以上的陽離子，則使用斯托克數(shù)字（Stock number）來表示其所帶電荷（只形成一種陽離子的不必用）.,例：NaOH：sodium hydroxide；,KOH：potassium hydroxide,5.Names of Salts（鹽的命名）：,不帶“ion”的陽離子名稱+不帶“ion”的陰離子名稱,*陽離子的電荷數(shù)用斯托克數(shù)字（Stock number）來表示（只形成一種陽離子的元素不必用）.,例：CuCl：copper（I）chloride；,CuCl,2,：copper（II）chloride；,CuSO,4,：copper（II）sulfate；,KClO,4,：potassium perchlorate,6.Names of Molecular Compounds（分子化合物的命名）：,正價元素名稱+負(fù)價元素名稱的詞干+-ide,*分子中各元素原子的個數(shù)用希臘數(shù)字前綴來表示.,例：CaO：calcium oxide；,CO,2,：carbon dioxide；,P,2,O,5,：diphosphorus pentoxide；,SF,6,：sulfur hexafluoride；,CO：carbon monoxide,非水化合物名稱+表示結(jié)晶水個數(shù)的希臘數(shù)字前綴+hydrate,*常用數(shù)字前綴：1.mono-;2.bi-;,3.tri-;4.tetra-;5.penta-;,6.hex(a)-(sex(a)-);,7.hept(a)-(sept(a)-);8.oct(a)-;,9.non(a)-;10.dec(a)-,例：CuSO,4,5H,2,O：,copper（II）sulfate pentahydrate,Translation,1)Acid soot,on the other hand,can fall relatively close to the source of pollution.It is caused when carbon combines with sulphur trioxide from sulphur-rich fuel to form particles of an acid substance which can damage the surfaces it falls on.,2)The transported air pollutants considered in this study result from the emission of three primary pollutants:sulfur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide,and hydrocarbons.,3)As these pollutants are carried away from their sources,they can be transformed through complex chemical processes into secondary pollutants:ozone and airborne fine particles such as sulfate.,4)Despite relatively strict pollution controls mandated for new sources by the Clean Air Act,emissions of both sulfur and nitrogen oxides are likely to remain high for at least the next half century.,5)The pollutants responsible for acid deposition can return to Earth in rain,snow,fog,or dew or as dry particles and gases.,6)Preliminary analyses suggest that about one-third of the total amount of sulfur compounds deposited over the Eastern United States as a whole originates from sources over 500 km away from the region in which they are deposited.,Questions,1)What is acid rain mainly caused by?,2)Why does acid rain rarely fall near the source of the pollution?,3)What are effects of acid rain?,4)What will future emissions depend on?,5)How long does it take pollutants emitted into the atmosphere return to Earth?,Preparation for Unit 9,-Water Environment Basics,See you next week!,