口譯專業(yè)課程設(shè)置設(shè)課件
Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,11/7/2009,#,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,專業(yè)口譯人才訓(xùn)練原則與方法,廣東外語外貿(mào)大學(xué),高級(jí)翻譯學(xué)院,仲偉合,專業(yè)口譯人才訓(xùn)練原則與方法,口譯的種類與特征,譯員的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),口譯專業(yè)課程設(shè)置,口譯訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容,口譯訓(xùn)練原則,口譯訓(xùn)練方法,口譯教材,1.口譯的種類與特征,交替?zhèn)髯g(Consecutive Interpreting),隨從傳譯(Personal Interpreting),聯(lián)絡(luò)口譯(Liaison Interpreting),同聲傳譯(Simultaneous Interpreting),視譯(On-Sight Interpreting),咬耳傳譯(Whispering,Interpreting),1.口譯的種類與特征,口譯的特征:,口譯是技術(shù),口譯是藝術(shù),2.譯員的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),Daniel Giles Formula:,C=KL+ELK+A,Comprehension=Knowledge for language,+Extra-linguistic Language+Analysis,2.譯員的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),Lin Yuru et.al,I=S+C+P,Interpreting=Interpreting Skills+Comprehension+Production,2.譯員的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),Knowledge Requirement Formula:,KI=KL+EK+S(P+AP),KI=Knowledge Required for an Interpreter,KL=Knowledge for Language,EK=Encyclopedic Knowledge,S=(P+AP)=Professional Interpreting Skills+Artistic Presentation Skills,2.譯員的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),S(P+AP)=Professional Interpreting Skills and Artistic Presentation Skills,即技能版塊=職業(yè)口譯技能-包括記憶、筆記、信息綜述與重組、譯前準(zhǔn)備等,藝術(shù)表達(dá)技能-即以科學(xué)的手段、藝術(shù)性完成口譯過程的技能,如口譯的應(yīng)對(duì)策略就屬于藝術(shù)技能的范疇。,2.譯員的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),將譯員的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)劃為“語言知識(shí)版塊、百科知識(shí)版塊、技能版塊”三個(gè)版塊可以為口譯的培訓(xùn)提供一個(gè)課程設(shè)置框架,因?yàn)樯鲜鲋R(shí)的習(xí)得一方面靠譯員本人的勤奮努力,另一方面還是要靠專業(yè)的培訓(xùn)才能完成。另外,了解口譯活動(dòng)對(duì)譯員的知識(shí)要求,也可為那些希望自習(xí)口譯技能的學(xué)員提供一定的指導(dǎo)作用。,3.口譯專業(yè)課程設(shè)置,根據(jù),K,=,KI=KL+EK+S(P+AP),這一公式,說明對(duì)職業(yè)譯員進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)所涉及到的不僅僅是“口譯技能”的訓(xùn)練。專業(yè)的口譯訓(xùn)練應(yīng)以“口譯技能”訓(xùn)練為核心,在其課程設(shè)置方面應(yīng)考慮同時(shí)開設(shè)以下幾組課程:,3.口譯專業(yè)課程設(shè)置,1.語言技能與語言知識(shí)課程,2.百科知識(shí)課程,3.口譯技能課程,語言技能與語言知識(shí)課程,雙語能力的培養(yǎng)是口譯培訓(xùn)的重要內(nèi)容之一??谧g訓(xùn)練中的語言知識(shí)與技能訓(xùn)練重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在語篇分析能力(Discourse Analysis)與交際能力(Communicative Competence)的培養(yǎng)。在口譯作為專業(yè)方向開設(shè)的院校,語言能力的培訓(xùn)則更為重要。在這些機(jī)構(gòu)往往會(huì)因?yàn)檫^分強(qiáng)調(diào)“口譯技能”的訓(xùn)練而忽略了口譯的基礎(chǔ)-語言能力。這類課程應(yīng)該同時(shí)包括對(duì)母語能力提高的教學(xué)內(nèi)容。,百科知識(shí)課程,這類課程可以采取以下幾種形式來滿足。(a)借助大學(xué)本身的輔修課程、選修課程來滿足。(b)開設(shè)百科知識(shí)研討課(Seminar),邀請(qǐng)各行各業(yè)的專家為學(xué)生講座。(C)根據(jù)社會(huì)的需求適度地開設(shè)特定領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)課。,口譯專業(yè)要求的“知識(shí)型課程”是概述型、或術(shù)語介紹型。如果說由培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)提供的百科知識(shí)課程是“Something”,那么學(xué)員應(yīng)該清楚做一個(gè)好的譯員還要了解“Everything”。學(xué)員自己始終要保持對(duì)新知識(shí)的興趣,平時(shí)多些閱讀或利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在網(wǎng)上瀏覽,日積月累,掌握各種知識(shí),以求“通專兼?zhèn)洹薄?口譯技能課程,這是口譯訓(xùn)練的核心課程。包括口譯員(會(huì)議傳譯、隨從口譯、聯(lián)略口譯)應(yīng)掌握的多種技能。這類課程的安排有以下幾種情況:(a)以專題為主線開設(shè)口譯課(在一般外語院校僅開設(shè)連續(xù)傳譯課程),技能的訓(xùn)練穿插在各個(gè)專題材料的口譯練習(xí)中。這種做法在只開設(shè)普通口譯課的院校中比較普遍,口譯技能課程,(b)以口譯技能為主線進(jìn)行教學(xué)安排,循序漸進(jìn),逐步使學(xué)員完全掌握口譯技能。以技能為主線設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)內(nèi)容并非忽略口譯專題的重要性。題材的訓(xùn)練可以作為輔助。,口譯技能課程,在翻譯院系,條件許可的情況下可以考慮兩種方式都采取。以(b)作為技能的介紹,以(a)作為技能的強(qiáng)化。我們?cè)谝酝慕虒W(xué)中往往忽略了“藝術(shù)表達(dá)技能”的訓(xùn)練?!八囆g(shù)表達(dá)技能”能幫助譯員在正確翻譯的同時(shí)能夠“優(yōu)美地翻譯”;“藝術(shù)表達(dá)技能”還包括譯員在口譯過程中采用的應(yīng)對(duì)策略(Coping Tactics)。,口譯技能課程,Gile 對(duì)技能的教學(xué)是這樣論述的:,Basically,they skills are taught within the framework of practical exercises.In most training programmes,this is done by trial and correction,with trial on the students part and corrections from the instructor.Such corrections are generally normative;instructors sometimes refer to the communication impact of the tactics in order to explain their preferences,but are not necessarily aware of other factors which influence them.(1995),口譯技能課程,Giles認(rèn)為口譯技能是在口譯實(shí)踐中,由學(xué)生試譯、教師矯正的方式來傳授的。因此,在課堂創(chuàng)造逼真的口譯情景非常重要.,在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,以Simulation(模擬)與Role Play(角色扮演)最為有效?!澳M”即是在課堂模擬真實(shí)的口譯情景,如同聲傳譯的模擬會(huì)議等.,口譯技能課程,Giles認(rèn)為口譯技能是在口譯實(shí)踐中,由學(xué)生試譯、教師矯正的方式來傳授的。因此,在課堂創(chuàng)造逼真的口譯情景非常重要。在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,以Simulation(模擬)與Role Play(角色扮演)最為有效。“模擬”即是在課堂模擬真實(shí)的口譯情景,如同聲傳譯的模擬會(huì)議等。,4.口譯訓(xùn)練的內(nèi)容,Daniel Giles Formula,For Simultaneous Interpreting,SI=L+M+P+C,Simultaneous Interpreting=,Listening Analysis,+Short-term Memory Effort,+Speech Production,4.口譯訓(xùn)練的內(nèi)容,For Consecutive Interpreting,Phase I:CI=L+N+M+C,Consecutive Interpreting=,Listening Analysis,+Note-taking,+Short-term Memory,+Coordination,4.口譯訓(xùn)練的內(nèi)容,Phase II:CI=Rem+Read+P,Consecutive Interpreting=,Remembering,+Note-reading,+Speech Production,Xiada Model,A(D+CC),C(SL+K),R(TL+K),S+P,I,A(D+CC)represents,the,analysis(A),which the interpreter uses in both comprehension of the message and reconstruction of the message.The analysis has two main components,discourse analysis(D),and,cross-cultural understanding(CC).,The circle overlaps the other two circles because,A(D+CC),applies to both the circles,as is indicated by the downward arrows.,C(SL+K),represents,comprehension(C),of the,source language(SL),which is aided by,extra-linguistic or encyclopedic knowledge(K).,R(TL+K)represents,reconstruction in,the target language(TL),which is also informed by,extra-linguistic or encyclopedic knowledge(K).,S+P,represents the,skills and techniques(S),which an interpreter uses in a professional way and to,a professional standard(P),in performing the interpreting.,I,stand for Interpreting.,4.口譯訓(xùn)練的內(nèi)容,For Consecutive Interpreting:,Short-term Memory,Note-taking,Note-reading,Coping Tactics,Principles of CI understanding,Analysis of Speech Types,Identification of Main Ideas,Reconstruction of Information,Interpreting Figures,4.口譯訓(xùn)練的內(nèi)容,For Consecutive Interpreting,Interpreting Preparation,Public Speech Skills,Cross-Cultural Communication,Professional Standard,4.口譯訓(xùn)練的內(nèi)容,For Simultaneous Interpreting,Cultivation of Split Attention,Shadowing Exercises,Note-taking,Listening Comprehension,Reformulation,Parsing Skills,Simplificataion,Generalization,4.口譯訓(xùn)練的內(nèi)容,Omission,Explanation,Anticipation,Preparation,On-sight Interpreting,Error Correction,Relay,Team Work Skills,Use of Facilities,5.口譯訓(xùn)練原則,1技能性原則。口譯是一門技術(shù)性很強(qiáng)的語言藝術(shù),因此在口譯訓(xùn)練與教學(xué)中應(yīng)該以向?qū)W生傳授“口譯技能”為主要訓(xùn)練原則,輔以不同題材的語篇來強(qiáng)化口譯技能的